‘Disappeared completely’: Melting Glaciers Worry Central Asia

AFP/APP

Adygene Glacier: Near a wooden hut high up in the Kyrgyz mountains, scientist Gulbara Omorova walked to a pile of grey rocks, reminiscing how the same spot was a glacier just a few years ago.

At an altitude of 4,000 metres, the 35-year-old researcher is surrounded by the giant peaks of the towering Tian Shan range, which stretches into China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The area is home to thousands of glaciers that are melting at an alarming rate in Central Asia, already hard-hit by climate change.

A glaciologist, Omorova is recording that process—worried about the future. She hiked six hours to get to the modest triangular-shaped hut that serves as a science station, almost up in the clouds.

“Eight to 10 years ago, you could see the glacier with snow,” Omorova told AFP. “But in the last three-to-four years, it has disappeared completely. There is no snow, no glacier.”

The effects of a warming planet have been particularly visible in Central Asia, which has seen a wave of extreme weather disasters. The melting of thousands of glaciers is a major threat to people in the landlocked region, which already suffers from a shortage of water. Acting as water towers, glaciers are crucial to the region’s food security, and vital freshwater reserves are now dwindling fast.

‘Measuring Everything’

Equipped with a measuring device, Omorova kneeled over a torrent of melted water, standing on grey-covered ice shimmering in the strong sunshine. “We are measuring everything,” she said. “The glaciers cannot regenerate because of rising temperatures.”

A little further on, she points to the shrinking Adygene glacier, saying it has retreated by “around 16 centimetres (six inches)” every year. “That’s more than 900 metres since the 1960s,” she added.

The once majestic glacier is only one of thousands in the area that are slowly disappearing. Between 14 and 30 percent of glaciers in the Tian Shan and Pamir two of the main mountain ranges in Central Asia—have melted over the last 60 years, according to a report by the Eurasian Development Bank. Omorova warned that things are only getting worse. “The melting is much more intense than in previous years,” she said.

With scientists warning that 2024 is likely to be the hottest year on record, professions like hers have grown in importance.

However, resources are scarce in Kyrgyzstan, one of the poorest countries in former Soviet Central Asia. “We lack measuring equipment, and there is not enough money to transport things to our observation station, where we don’t even have electricity,” Omorova explained. She hopes the Kyrgyz government will enact laws to protect the ice-covered giants.

Dangerous Torrents

The shrinking glaciers have also created a new threat for Kyrgyz towns and cities, with meltwater forming new lakes before tumbling down mountains in dangerous torrents, including towards the capital Bishkek.

Further down the valley, at an altitude of 2,200 metres, two scientists—brothers Sergei and Pavel Yerokhin—worked on the banks of a fast-flowing water source. The elder brother, 72-year-old Sergei, warned of the dangers posed by the torrents. “This water mass takes rocks with it, flows down the valley, and can reach towns,” he told AFP.

Their task is to monitor and predict water flow, and “draw up maps to ensure people and infrastructure don’t end up in these dangerous areas.” His brother Pavel installed a sensor about 50 centimetres above the water that would send radio signals in case of flooding.

‘Halve by 2050’

For the Kyrgyz government, the melting glaciers threaten more than just infrastructure damage. Water distribution in the region—devised during the Soviet era—remains a contentious issue and is a frequent source of tension between neighbours.

Mountainous Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan—home to around 10,000 glaciers each, according to Omorova—are the main water providers for Central Asia. “We share water with our neighbours downstream,” Omorova said, referring to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, home to most of Central Asia’s population.

In addition to rising temperatures, the glaciers also face another threat: a growing appetite for immense natural resources in the region, including gold, whose extraction with chemicals accelerates the melting of ice.

Both Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have stepped up efforts to draw attention to the looming catastrophe. Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov warned last year that forecasts show Central Asian glaciers “will halve by 2050 and disappear completely by 2100.”